Analysing Aquafina Bottled Water

Analysing Aquafina Bottled WaterAquafina storefuld piss is stored or so the country in 33 different locations from municipal tap piss system. It is both(prenominal) filtered and purified in a process that involves seven start steps c bothed the HydRO-7 polish System. Included in the steps ar processes such as filtration, video to high intensity light, osmosis, polish, and ozonization. What results is body of pissing that has a Total Dissolved immobile (TDS) content of 4 split per wiz thousand meg (ppm), 2.5 time lower than the regimen and Drug Administration (FDA) maximum arrive.The packaging of the piss goes by dint of a long process and creates some(prenominal) muda. Many of the Pepsi bottling processes be outsourced. For example, the bottles ar progress to by Amcor court Packaging North America. The process is excessively rattling detailed and complicated in order to ensure both arctic and a reliable harvest-time. We result in any baptiste ry be explaining every material in the packaging process.Additionally, we will be discussing the recent boom of the piss industry and its environmental implications oer the last decade. The summate of natural resources macrocosm use to become the entire bottled wet package, is extraordinary, and causing a echt problem. The environment is as healthy universeness contaminated on a workaday basis with a majority of the bottles macrocosmness thrown forth as opposed to being recycled. Along with the destruction of our planet, pliable bottles and the body of pee contained in spite of appearance them ar starting to be seen as a serious health affright.For the frugalal part of this paper, we will touch on Aquafinas numbers over the recent few years and try to predict the future. We will also make suggestions on how to gain a bigger market sh be, and how to make safe products in a business perspective. Pepsi-Colas Aquafina, which has reigned as the number- unrivaled brand for several(prenominal) years, has become the U.S. bottled pissing businesss first billion-dollar brand in 2004 has sustained wholesome growth in 2005 when wholesale dollar sales ne atomic number 18d $1.3 billion.IntroductionBottled body of pee is one of the biggest selling beverages in the orb due to its gimmick and flavour druthers. Whether due to the uneasiness of the safety of tap peeing or the convenience of the bottle, bottled urine continues to gain loot sh be for companies in the industry. Specifically for spry college students such as ourselves, it has become increasingly important for us to be able to drink water when non near a water source.Hence, the product we chose to study is Aquafina bottled water. When one purchases a bottle of Aquafina, he will receive the purified water and the bottle in which it is contained including its label, nutrition facts and ingredients, and a slopped thug. Although the Aquafina water bottle is only meant for one use, umpteen choose to overeat their bottle with ordinary tap water.Because Pacific Lutheran University contracts its beverages and vending machines finished with(predicate) Pepsi, Aquafina is the around consumed bottled water for our campus. This report is the study of the Aquafina bottled water process, value menstruation, muda, and economic evaluation of the bottled water that is widely circulated non expert on our campus only around the world.The HydRO-7 Purification SystemPurifying the WaterAchieving Aquafina water is a complex and complicated process. Aquafina bottles water in 33 different municipal locations around the country from underground formation overflows, the identical location as our tap water. Whereas tap water is merely filtered and treated to remove bacterium and contaminants, Aquafina tamp downs an extra step by purifying the water using the Hydro-7 refinement system which removes substances according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards . Creator of the progressive purging system, the HydRO-7 removes substances in seven different steps. The Aquafina website provides the consumer with learning related to the filtration and purification steps of its product (www.aquafina.com).PrefiltrationIn this first step, the system removes tiny particles in the water through a filter.Polishing filterHere, this first polishing filter (of 2) catches any particles that were missed in the previous step.High-intensity lightA burst of high energy light im move energy into the water stream to eliminate naturally occurring organic substances in the water.Reverse Osmosis (R.O.)Here, the system uses rack and a hyper filter to remove 98% of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and organic compounds from the water. The TDS is the sum of all dissolved solids in water in parts per million. This step uses semi-permeable membranes with smaller pore sizes than micro filtration, ultra filtration, and nano filtration to remove substances such as sodium and chloride from the water.Charcoal FiltrationThis step isolates the elements that affect the taste of the water in a charcoal filter.Polishing FilterThis is where the system polishes the henry and group O elements in the water to make the water clear.OzonizationThe system passes purified, oxygen-rich credit line through a generating cell. Here, tercet oxygen molecules atomic number 18 brought to delineateher to hap unwanted particles away. When they have do their job, they revert back to double oxygen molecules.Here is a standard Aquafina nutrition facts label imbed to to each one one on the bottle or the packaging.More important than what is in Aquafina water is what has been removed. The Aquafina website suggests that every occasion that the system removes from the water is unnecessary and perhaps harmful to valet de chambres (www.aquafina.com). The environmental apology Agency (EPA) requires a maximum of 500 ppm (parts per million) of TDSs in spring water and the FDA requires 10 ppm in purified water. Aquafina, a purified water, bottles water at 4 ppm, 2.5 times lower than the FDA standard (Mosko, 2004). The process removes the following trace compounds from the waterCarbonatesBi s instantlyatesChloridesSulfatesPhosphatesNitratescalciumMagnesiumSodiumPotassiumIronManganeseCalcium and potassium atomic number 18 necessary for the human body, only they are lock removed. Aquafina claims that the minute take aims in the water have little effect on human health and removing them only de havers a more(prenominal) thin water (www.aquafina.com). However at the end of the purification process, of the bottled water that Aquafina bottles is tap water (Mosko, 2004).Aquafina claims to have the purest water in the industry, but even more pure and containing less TDS is Penta water, which goes through a rigorous 11-step process and distributes water with 0.5 ppm TDS. Pentas website also explains the process and the advantages of Penta in detail (http //www.pentawater.com/what.shtml).The Aquafina system at the seed in Austin, Indiana, for example, has bottles 32,000 gallons of water an hour. The system is computer monitored and keeps track of which valves are unfold and unkindly and how much is in each tank. The Aquafina system is also utilize for bottling downy drinks at the plant. All the water is carbon-filtered in one of ii tanks the akin process is employ for all the water that is utilize in blue drinks, only the Aquafina water goes through the extra step of ozonization (Investing, 2004).Pepsi/Aquafina BottlingThe BottlePepsi Bottling Ventures LLC (PBV)In July of 2002 the first products were being produced at PBVs new small-bottle darling line in Raleigh, NC in a 200,000 sq ft deed/distribution plant. This was a $40 million investment for PBV that gave the follow the ability to increase drudgery. PBV has bottling rights for Pepsi products covering approximately of North Carolina and a region of Long Island, N Y. one(a) of the facilities that upgraded to the PBV production bottling plant was the Raleigh location with the primary goal being the production of bottled water under the Aquafina label, one of the fastest growing products within Pepsi. The exact for this upgraded production facility from PBV offers Pepsi the ability to be competitive and cost-conscious (Mans, 2003).Features one-on-one sanitary verges are knowing and manufactured by ICS Intl. These contain serve/capping/ choice systems on the PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) lines. The makeweights are housed in one live, with a common heating, ventilating and transport conditioning system. The PBV plant features an individual sanitary bourn for each picking system with monobloc filler guards that are integrated into the face of the enclosure. The enclosures have an epoxy glue radix that is sloped to a stainless-steel drain, vision panels and a complete bare-quality affirm system. The walls and ceiling are made of insu lation sandwich panels consisting of inside and outback(a) stainless-steel panels filled with polyurethane foam. The clean rooms come complete with lighting, doors, an air filtration unit, air conditioning, and an air exhaust system. The air-filtration units maintain wring in the enclosure to prevent outside air from entering (Mans, 2003).BottlesAquafina uses bottles that are produced by Amcor PET Packaging-North America. Amcor uses PET to make plastic containers for Pepsi products. Amcors website states that this plastic material is manufactured from different by-products of the oil and gas industries, especially ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. PET consists of carbon, henry and oxygen and back be incinerated without residues for energy recovery. PET is the most blue-chip of the recyclable plastics. It offers the ability for the container to be lightweight, shatter resistant, resealable and recyclable. The formation of a bottle is blow molded which involves blowing air into a molten plastic render and past forcing the material to follow the shape of the mold. Injection molding is also involved which is the process of converting plastic pellets by using heat and cart to inject the molten material into a water-cooled mold. Amcors website explains this technology (http//www.amcor.com/Default.aspx?id=505).Filtration/sanitization/Air QualityThe units have common chord filtration stages. These stages involve roughing filters, bag filters and HEPA filters for an modal(a) air quality of Class 1,000. ICS added an air extractor that sucks the air from the enclosure and ducts it outside the plant to avoid discharging air loaded with sugar or ozone into the surrounding area inside the plant. Air quality is optimized through the limits that are placed on the filler. This also throw in the towels the slattern to stand outside the room and control the machine (Mans, 2003).BottlingPre-labeled bottles are delivered to an automatic depalletizer on pallets wi th cardboard slipsheets amongst the spirit levels. The depalletizer raises the pallet one layer at a time. A move carriage equipped with suction cups swings over and automatically removes the slipsheet and deposits it in a bin for subject to the bottle supplier. The depalletizer thusly indexes the layer of bottles up, and the carriage sweeps the bottles onto a mass bottle conveyor.The bottles on the small-PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) line are then conveyed in mass to two Lanfranchi high-speed bottle scramblers which have rotating turrets that orient the bottles in an upright position. Level sensors in the hopper of each unscrabler turn lecture elevators on and off to maintain bottles in the hoppers. The bottles from both unscramblers converge in single-file and are injected into the neck-guided air-conveyance system, where the bottles are supported by rods beneath their neck finishes. The bottles are then pushed along the chamber by air blowing. The depalletizing workcell includes three depalletizers and is intentional to let two operators to feed containers to three production lines.Empty bottles are conveyed right off via air conveyor into the sanitary enclosure and the infeed star of the monobloc rinser/filler/capper. All bottle-handling within the monobloc is accomplished by supports under the neck ring of the bottles.The bottles are delivered to the entrancing heads of the 108-station rinser through the entrance starwheel, and are off-key crown down as the unit rotates. Purified water is sprayed into the bottles through nozzles affixed to the gripping heads, and then drains out as the unit continues its rotation. This solution contains ozone for maximum make clean efficiency when producing Aquafina. Bottles are then turned upright and discharge through a starwheel that also serves as the delivery starwheel to the filler.The filler for these bottles is an isobaric-volumetric machine with gross filling valves. Each filling valve is connecte d to the central tank through a product pipe and two gas pipes connected to the carbon dioxide supply. One pipe is used for the bottle pressurization and the other pipe for the pressure stabilization between the tank and the filling valve. When running Aquafina, the system uses northward instead of carbon dioxide. The level inside the filling cylinder is essentially the same as the level in the central tank, and changes in the measuring of fill for different bottle sizes is accomplished by changing the level in the central tank. A piston in each cylinder is adjusted by an external magnetic coupling to set the film volume to be filled to an accuracy of 2 mL. This is done from the operator panel (Mans, 2003).CappingFrom the filler, bottles travel through another starwheel into the 36-head Arol CSD screw capper. Caps are supplied by Alcoa and are sorted and delivered to the capper by a system from SIDEL, Packaging Systems Div. Caps are loaded into a hopper located outside of the en closure. Then a nearly vertical belt carries the caps to the top of the enclosure. Caps are contained on plain cleats on the belt and if any caps improperly orient they revert back into the hopper. The belt discharges the caps onto a track that carries them down to the capper. A alter star picks the caps from the track and places them on the capping head, which then rotates synchronously in a higher place the bottle turret. The capping head lowers and screws the cap onto the bottle as the unit rotates.Capped bottles sledding the enclosure pass through an Industrial Dynamics Filtec x-ray fill height inspector. The capped bottles then pass two Videojet Excel ink-jet printing machines that print a freshness date on the bottle cap tamper ring. The plant has installed two of these units to provide redundancy in depicted object one unit malfunctions. For added security a Domino laser printer applies production codes and a freshness date to the bottle. After being coded the bottles then travel onto a multichain mat-top conveyor that slows their transport speed from 350 to 40 ft/min and accumulates the bottles from single-file to mass (Mans, 2003).Label/ Glue/ Packing /PackagingA HiCone machine produces six-packs of 16- and 24-oz, and 500-mL bottles. The bottles are delivered to the machine in two lanes. The two lanes enjoin six bottles and apply the plastic carrier material. The material is delivered in a continuous web to a large vertical wheel rotating above the bottles. The wheel pushes the web down onto the six bottles, and it is then cut to separate the six-pack. The packs are then diverted into two lanes and fed to a Hartness 2650 continuous-motion case packer that places four six-packs into reusable plastic crates for delivery to the PBV warehouse for distribution.Bottles drop also be conveyed to a packing installation incorporating a sit around MW7 multipacker and a Model TDL tray motive/loader and shrink wrapper, all supplied by Douglas Machine. E ach of these servo-driven machines has its own control panel, with intuitive touchscreen interfaces with real-time production data, forethought scheduling and changeover settings.Bottles are delivered to the multiwrapper where groups of six or 12 bottles are then wrapped in registered film. This is a dual-stream machine that wraps two duplicate groups of bottles simultaneously. Bottles are delivered in mass to the machine and are separated into any six or twelve bottle groupings by a patented pinless metering system. The groups are then delivered into the wrapping section. The film is placed around the bottle group and the package is conveyed through a heated shrink tunnel. quaternary six packs or two twelve packs are then delivered to the tray former/loader. The machine forms a tray from a paperboard blank, pushes the wrapped packs onto the tray, and then seals the open sides with hot-melt glue. This glue is applied by a Nordson glue system. Some 500-mL bottles, as well as 20- and 24-oz bottles of all products can bypass the multipacker and be delivered directly to the tray former/loader. After these are placed on the tray, it travels through a shrink wrapper/heat tunnel.Once the products are packaged, they are conveyed past a Videojet ink-jet case coder for application of production codes and then overhead to an automatic palletizer. Each sku is individually palletized to a designed stacking pattern. Individual packages are delivered to the upper level of the palletizer and are assembled into layers. After each layer is completed the platform is then lowered so the beside layer can be assembled. Finished pallet loads are released at floor level and are transported by pallet conveyor to an huntsman stretch wrapper. PBV uses plastic pallets that have improved palletizing efficiency and eliminated the debris and floor damage that are usually caused by wood pallets (Mans, 2003).Finished Products/ Reductions of kit and caboodle CostsFinished products are s tacked two or three high, without pallet racks, and are rotated by code dates. The warehouse has been designed to have twin-load pallet racks in the future that will accommodate four-high stacking. The forklifts are also responsible for placing vacuous pallets into the palletizers.The PBV plant was specifically designed to render all raw materials and finished honourables to be handled on double forklifts. These forklifts allow two pallets to be picked up at a time and greatly reduce loading and unloading time of the production equipment. The dock equipment was engineered to allow the movement of these extra-wide and heavy loads in and out of the building.The double-fork trucks are also used to load trailers with finished products vent to the sales centers, unload return trailers with empty plastic pallets and shells, store empty shells and pallets, and feed empty shells to the three lines. Double-fork trucks greatly reduce the number of forklifts and nitty-gritty travel distanc e in high-volume beverage plants (Mans, 2003).The Need for Water Vs. The Need for Bottled WaterWater is a cherished resource and the source of life. Its one that many another(prenominal) people take for granted on a daily basis, and because of that, a water crisis has been work up over the last few decades. According to a study done in the year 2000, 346,800 million gallons per day (mgd) of freshwater and 61,200 mgd of saltwater were used in the United States (Water, 2006). Based on these numbers, its figured that the typical American single family home consumes, on intermediate, 69.3 gallons of water per day (Water, 2006). Our daily unavoidably include hydrating ourselves, using in food preparation, flushing toilets, showering, kitchen and bathroom sink purposes, and washing clothes and dishes. These uses attribute to the keep down of water consumed, both for purposeful reasons, as well as for wasteful and unnecessary reasons. While hydrating ourselves to keep our body func tions working properly does not consist of a large portion of the daily water usage among Americans, it is still an amount that is being used and will never decrease. Human beings need, on average, eight to twelve cups of water per day to replenish the approximately ten cups of water lost each day due to body functions, varying either more or less depending on activity level (Lempert, 2004). Because of this physical need, someone realised that they could profit. This profit realization turned into a multi-billion dollar business we now know as the bottled water industry.The thought that one day human beings would spend money on a bottled version of something that they can get from their own home for a fraction of a cent for the same amount, is mind-boggling but has become the norm. Nothing is created without a need or a want hence, bottled water was created. Since the U.S. is becoming a more on-the-go ordering each and every day, Americans rely more and more convenience items. One example of this is the rise of fast food restaurants, which happens to be a portion in the current obesity epidemic in America. So, because of this go, go, go mentality, many just do not have the time to walk to a sink and fill up a glass with water. They instead need to have it right by their side, only needing to open up a cap and just toss it to the side when it is empty and open up the next thats right in that location. Another beneficial aspect is in times of emergencies, such as a hurricanes or earthquakes, the water supplies to those areas are usually shut down and/or contaminated. In which case, bottled water is needed for consumption. at any rate the convenience and emergency factors, Americans seem to think that bottled water is a safer, and sometimes, tastier, substitute to tap water. Some people fear coming down with gastrointestinal illnesses, while others fear contaminants, such as pesticides, to enter their bodies (Terry, 2005). People live under the impression t hat all bottled water is safer to drink than tap water because of a typical misc at one timeption, the intellect that if it is bottled or packaged by a beverage or food company, then it must be safe. This is an idea that can be argued back and forth.Consumption, Recycling, Physical Harm, and MudaThe amount of bottled water being purchased is growing almost exponentially each year. According to a bottled water study, based on the year 2004, Americans consumed 6.76 billion gallons of the pricey beverage (Falcone, 2006). This total amount averaged out to 70 million one-serving bottles being drank each and every day (Falcone, 2006). Consuming that many bottles of water everyday is incredible, and it is no marvel that entrepreneurs are coming up with new ideas all the time on how to get into the bottled water industry. A big reason for the increasing amount of bottled water drinkers is because of, as mentioned earlier, the convenience. It is a lot easier to grab a coupling of bottled waters from the refrigerator before going somewhere. Aside from the convenience or laziness factor, the rise in bottled water consumption has begun to have a serious impact on our environment.With the amount of bottled water being produced everyday, there is a high amount of left over product once the water has been drank that must be dealt with. That portion left over happens to be the plastic bottle, something that is not the most earth-friendly item. Of the daily amount of bottled water being consumed, 70 million, 60 million are never recycled (Falcone, 2006). On a daily basis, that means that approximately 86% of bottles are thrown away and sent to a landfill, hurting our environment. This also means that 60 million new plastic bottles have to be created each day to flip-flop those that are thrown in the trash, which amounts to more natural resources being used and more future muda being produced. What is more disturbing is that once these bottles are taken to a landfill, they can take up to 1,000 years to richly decompose (Falcone, 2006). First of all, how is someone able to compute that amount, because, after all, bottled water is a fairly new concept? And secondly, with 60 million bottles being added to dumps each day all over the U.S., where are the bottles going to be taken to in ten years, when most likely the amount of bottled waste has doubled, or even tripled?So why is it that the majority of plastic bottles are not being recycled? Many experts say that it is because vehicles are not equipped with cycle receptacles (Falcone, 2006). Since a majority of Americans who purchase bottled water are on-the-go all the time, they have less patience and desire to hold onto their empty plastic bottles until they get to a location where a recycling bin is present. It is easier to just throw them in the trash or on the street. It seems comic that it is easier for people to throw a bottle in the trash as opposed to recycling especially when many places are p lacing recycling bins next to trash cans. This laziness and lack of patience is causing an extreme amount of harm on the environment. To put this idea into perspective the amount of muda in California created ten years from now would create a two lane, six-inch deep highway that stretches the entire coast of California (Wilson, 2003).During the rare 14% of the time when empty bottles of water are recycled, a lot of good can come from them and it is a step in the right prudence in helping the environment. The raw materials used to make the plastic bottles can be saved and used for numerous items which helps to save resources from being done for(p) to make new products. By looking at California only, it is estimated that one billion plastic bottles get thrown away over the argumentation of a year (Wilson, 2003). This amount calculates to almost three million bottles being thrown away each and every day (Wilson, 2003). That is an incredible, as well as, disturbing, amount of unneces sary trash. If instead of being thrown away each and every one of those bottles were recycled, the materials reused could produce either 74 million self-colored feet of carpet, 74 million extra large T-shirts, or 16 million sweaters (Wilson, 2003). It is incredible to think that a plastic bottle could be turned into other useful items and help save the environment by not using as many natural resources. Some other interest information about the recycled material is that five recycled bottles can produce one extra large T-shirt, polyesther carpets can be created from the resin contained within the bottles, and the materials of the bottle can be spun like cotton candy and produce filling for quilts and pillows (Recycling, 2006). By looking over these fonts of statistics, it paints a wonderful picture of how recycling so much can be saved.Many precious dodo fuels are wasted in this process. The transportation of bottled water to other parts of the U.S. as well as being shipped to ot her parts of the world uses large amounts of fuel on a yearly basis. This fuel is being wasted on a daily basis for a product that a majority of Americans can get for almost nothing just by turning a knob in their own home (Arnold, 2006). Besides wasting fuel on transportation be, this same precious resource is being consumed during the packaging process. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the type of plastic most commonly used to produce bottles and just so happens to contain grating oil (Bottled, 2005). According to research, 1.5 million barrels of crude oil is used over the course of a year to be able to produce the amount of bottles Americans demand (Bottled, 2005). Putting this amount into perspective, 1.5 million barrels would be enough to fuel approximately 100,000 cars for an entire year in the U.S. (Bottled, 2005). It is no shock that our world is currently dealing with a fuel crisis. By wasting such an extreme amount of oil on the production of bottles and transporting the finished product, we are not only hurting the environment but we are ruining the future for the next generations.Previously mentioned was the apparent safeness of bottled water as opposed to tap water. While in some cases this whitethorn be true, tap water can be just as good as bottled and it may even be safer. Many scientific studies have been conducted on bottled water over the years and some of the information found is disturbing. Unlike tap water, which is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), bottled water is classified as a food. Hence, it is regulated by the Food Drug Administration (FDA) (Mosko, 2004). The two groups have different standards in which companies are to follow otherwise harsh consequences result. Some differences are that the FDA does not require products to be tested for coliform bacteria whereas the EPA specifies that no confirmed E.coli or fecal coliform contamination is allowed in tap water (Howard, 2003). Also irrelevant the EPA, c ontaminants are not required to be listed after testing whereas additives are required (Mosko, 2004). Since 1990, findings of chemical contamination and fecal coliform during testing have caused 11 major recalls of bottled water (Mosko, 2004). According to a study done by the World Wildlife Fund, bacterial counts in bottled mineral water can go up 1,000-fold after one week in storage (Mosko, 2004). When bottled water is stored in an un-refrigerated environment for a long period of time, the amount of microorganisms that begin to develop are far greater than the amount contained within tap water (Mosko, 2004). Some water companies, including Aquafina, do not use NSF-certification which tests bottled water for tax revenue dangerous contaminants (Mosko, 2004). Besides the water being unsafe in many cases, the plastic bottles can also cause a health threat to consumers. When bottled water drinkers notice a taste difference between brands, some of that difference can be attributed to the type of plastic used for the bottle. If the type of plastic used can have an effect on the taste of the water, shouldnt that make a psyche wonder as to what else the plastic is doing to the water microscopically? One such chemical used in PET bottles, known as Bisphenol-A, is a known endocrine disruptor and carcinogen (Mosko, 2004). This chemical found through testing mixes with the water contained inside the bottle (Mosko, 2004). It is one thing for a somebody to be inhaling smoke from cigarettes and knowing the possible genus Cancer they are creating within their body. But it is absolutely ridiculous and uncalled for when a person unknowingly harms their body on a daily basis by drinking a product they are told is healthy and necessary for survival. With all of these findings from studies, just how good is that three-dollar bottle of water looking to a person now?Economical and Environmental Analysis in the Business put to workFirst, some numbers on PepsiCo and Aquafina Acc ording to the New York Times, The Pepsi Bottling Group stick on better-than-expected profit April 18th as strong sales of Aquafina bottled water and Lipton sorbet Tea brands in North America offset rising costs for raw material and fuel (Pepsi, 2006). The company had net income of $34 million, or 14 cents a share, compared with $39 million, or 15 cents a share, in the period a year earlier. Earnings were 3 cents ahead of analysts average forecast of 11 cents a share, according to Reuters Estimates. Excluding stock option expense, Pepsi Bottlings profit was 18 cents a share. The company, which is 43 percent, owned by PepsiCo Inc., said revenue rose to $2.37 billion from $2.15 billion. In the United States, sales of noncarbonated beverages, excluding water, grew more than 20 percent in the quarter while sales of Aquafina water grew about 35 percent. Pepsi Bottling said first-quarter sales by volume, a authoritative gauge of performance in the beverage industry, rose 6 percent worl dwide as well as in the United States and Canada. The company said worldwide net revenue per case grew 4 percent, supply by price increases in the United States that helped offset a 9 percent jump in selling, delivery and administrative expenses (The New York Times, April